Not being a native English speaker it’s not always obvious how to name things. Having some common terms in one place seems like a good idea. I will try to group them according to subject / area.

Elementary Arithmetic

Addition
sum = augend + addend
addends[]
total = sum(addends)

Subtraction
difference = minuend - subtrahend

Multiplication
product = multiplicand * multiplier
factors[]
product = factors[0] * factors[1]

Division
quotient = dividend / divisor
remainder = dividend % divisor

Accounting - Business Economics

Fiscal year: financial year, or sometimes budget year Fiscal year

consignee: financially responsible Consignee
Incoterms: International Commercial Terms Incoterms